نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 32، تابستان 1396)

Increase of population, limited resources and the excessive exploitation of aquifers and surface water caused irreparable damage to the country's natural resources including groundwater resources. Contamination of groundwater has been published in numerous environmental hazards that directly affect their life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Saghez city, Iran. For this purpose, 188samples has been gathered from 2004 to 2012 water data and the parameters of salinity, chlorine, concentration of dissolved substances, sulfate, Nitrate, water hardness, sodium adsorption ratio were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test was used to compare treatments and the differences between various stations respectively. For determining the most appropriate location and zoning methods for the above parameters, geographical information system (GIS) was used. Therefore, a geostatistic method of Circular Kriging, Gaussian and deterministic techniques such as inverse distance weighting, local estimator and general estimates was applied. The results showed that the quality of water in the Saghez city is appropriate and acceptable for drinking and irrigation. Spatial interpolation results according to the root mean squared error (RMSE), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and mean absolute error (MAE), among the different methods of interpolation techniques the IDW with 1 power for estimating the parameters of sulfate, sodium, chlorine and sodium absorption ratio, and the IDW with 2 power for estimating parameters of salinity, soluble solids concentration and total Hardness and the Circular Kriging method were the most appropriate methods for Nitrate.

Nanoparticle uptake by aquatic organisms (such as fish) with concerns about possible side effects of nanoparticles (NPs) has been associated. The aim of this study was to assess toxicological effects of grass carp in the exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for 60 days. The research in the form of a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications and grass carp in a continuous flow system exposed to 0 (control), 0.1, 0.3, 0.8 and 2.4 mg/liter ZnO-NPs. Juveniles with an average weight of 20 grams were divided between 15 tanks. With increase of concentration nanoparticle growth performance and feeding efficiency decreased. Lower dose of zinc oxide nanoparticles can improve the length and weight growth. By increasing the amount of zinc oxide nanoparticles nutritional factors, including specific growth rate, condition factor, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio decreased. Our studies showed that the measurement of growth factors in fishes can be used as an instrument to assess the toxicity of nanoparticles ZnO.

There are many reports about the the effects of immune stimulation and growth of the immunogenic Prebiotics in fish and lack of information about its effects on SHIRBOT fish. In this study, the addition of different levels of SHIRBOT fish this material and its effect on biochemical parameters were evaluated. The 360 pieces of fish with an average weight of 35 grams randomly assigned to four treatments, they divided three replicates per treatment, and prebiotic treatments, respectively, with the fairy immunogenic concentrations of feed containing 0, .5/0, 1 and 1.5 grams immunogenic kg Hg, were fed for 84 days. At the beginning, middle and end of each treatment period, the fish were anesthetized by the anesthetic MS222, The caudal vein blood samples were taken and serum was separated after centrifugation, and biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, Keratinize, total protein and albumin) between treatments were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, urea, albumin and total protein) were significantly different between treatment group compared to controls (P>0.05), But factors (Keratinize and triglycerides) were not significantly different between treatment group compared to controls (P>0.05).

Occurrence of processes such as thermal stratification and nutrition in reservoirs leads to a severe drop in water quality and a lack of optimum levels for various uses and it threatens the life of the aquatic ecosystem. Today, the reservoir of many dams of Iran faced with water quality problems and lowering oxygen dissolution in dehydrated and warm seasons are perhaps the most important negative effects of such reservoirs. Simulation models of Water tank quality are a good tool for predicting water quality, estimating the effects of the contamination of the quantifying the extent and severity of environmental impacts after starting the operation considering the physical and climatic conditions of the reservoir and flow of the river inlet. The studied dam is in the upper reservoir of the Koran Bozan Dam in about 65 km south-east of Kermanshah city. Since there are several sources of pollution on the passage of the river upstream to the dam, the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of thermal stratification and soluble oxygen in the dam in line with the environmental studies of the Garsha dam to prevent the damaging effects of dam construction on this region which this study was carried out in 1393. In this regard, at first, the hydrodynamic model of the reservoir of the Garsha Dam was constructed and then calibrated with CE QUAL W2 software and it was used in order to simulate the heat layering and the dissolved oxygen in the dam. The results indicate that thermal stratification is in summer.

Sea surface temperature (and ocean) is considered as one of the indicators to measure the oceanography and meteorology playing an important role in the areas of oceanography, meteorology, fisheries, policy making and marine planning. The water area of the Caspian Sea, on the other hand, is considered as the most important one for some of its neighboring countries including Iran which also plays a significant role in ecosystem functioning, food security, employment opportunity, military security to name a few. The extent from north to south which is about 1200 km in length would cause the Caspian Sea to experience different temperature levels. The purpose of this study is to cluster different temperature patterns based on monthly and annual statistics from 1985 to 2009 namely the 25-year statistics retrieved from NOAA website. Accordingly, six major clusters were extracted from 300 months from which cluster no.1 containing 101 months and cluster no.5 containing 95 months were ranked in first and second place respectively in terms of frequency. Generally speaking, the southeast of southern Caspian and the middle Caspian identified as being the hottest and coldest areas respectively. It appears as if the temperature by passing from northern and southern Caspian to middle Caspian is decreased. It is also worthy to be mentioned that the middle Caspian has the highest coefficient of variation and standard deviation as well. Therefore, in this study, for the first time we use the clustering method to cluster the temperature in the analysis of Caspian sea surface temperature, for a whole period, rather than monthly mean temperature so as to identify the pattern of monthly temperature mainly because the results derived suggest that the monthly mean temperature cannot serve as a good model for analyzing the Caspian sea surface temperature.

One of the nanoparticles that has developed is silver nano particles (AgNPs) and now it is the most widely used nanomaterial in the nanotechnology industry. In this study the silver nanoparticles were synthesized biologically using Sargassum angustifolium algae and its effects on blood factors of common carp in the face of three concentrations of nanoparticles (AgNPs) include 0.11, 1.13 and 5.67 mg/L of AgNPs, respectively on the basis of 1 % , 10 % and 50 % of median lethal concentration along with a control treatment were evaluated for 14 days. Total white blood cell (WBC) count in the face of various concentrations of silver nanoparticles and red blood cell(RBC) count in the treatment of  1%LC50 AgNPs on days 1, 3 and 7 and Hematocrite treated with AgNPs 1% on day3 exhibited significantly increased when compared with other groups (p<0.05). The treatment of 50% AgNPs on fish showed maximum hemoglobin contents than other groups (p<0.05).  Also, MCV values on day 1 and MCHC values on day 14 at various silver nanoparticles treatments statistically significantly increased compared to control group (p<0.05). Results showed that the nanoparticles synthesized from algae can have an adverse effect on hematological indices of common carp, especially in high concentrations.

Constructed wetlands are natural systems that have the ability to purify the chemical, physical and biological and can remove variety pollutants from wastewater. The purpose of this study was investigation of the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for lead removal in wastewater treatment. This research was conducted in 2014 at Birjand University and evaluated efficiency of Carex for heavy metal removal. A total of, 12 rectangular concrete reactor in parallel was built at the desired location. The overall dimensions of 12 reactor is sized length 220, width 75 and height 50 cm. in 6 reactor of coarse gravel and was used in six other reactor of fine-grained sand that 4 ponds as control and other ponds were working with Carex plant. Horizontal flow pattern done through a split pipe and valve controls. The data from this study indicates that the maximum lead removal of reactor No. 8 was 51 percent and the minimum the removal of related to wetland No. 9 by 35 percent. The most remove done by increasing the hydraulic detention time. As a result, we can say that the removal efficiency when the lead  initial concentration was Equal in all cells, detention time high, with plant cells and as well as fine bed material used, Removal rate is the highest value, It is obvious that such high efficiency without the high cost and adverse environmental effects is highly desirable.

The present research aimed at examining the distribution and relative abundance of fresh water shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense during April 2014 to April 2015 involving the use of 13958 pieces of shrimp including 7170 male, 6115 female and 673 premature ones. Samplings were carried out on 12 different sites located in four parts of the Anzali lagoon along with two rivers (Siahdarvishan and Hendekhaleh) that enter into the lagoon. The shrimps were caught by fyke net having a 2×2mm mesh size. The male/female sex ratio was estimated to be 1.17:1. Males abundance were dominant in April, May, June, September, October, November, December and February and females abundance during  July and August. There were significantly different in abundance of males and females in different areas (P <0.05). Males abundance were dominant in western part of the lagoon and Seiahdarvishan and Hendekhaleh rivers but females abundance in eastern part of the lagoon. The relative abundance and biomass of shrimps were also significantly different in various months of the year. The maximum and minimum values for relative abundance were observed in August (202±71) and March (11±6) and the relative biomass recorded in August and January were (377±115) and (5±1/3) respectively. There were no major observable difference in terms of the above parameters in different areas (P >0.05). However, the lowest and highest rates were detected in eastern part of the lagoon, whereas the central and western areas accounted for the least rate. While, a positive correlation seemed to exist between physic- chemical characteristics of water (i.e. temperature, salinity, hardness and electric conductivity) and shrimps’ population, it showed a significantly negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (DO), water transparency and depth (P <0.05). In addition, an almost favorable correlation was found between shrimps ‘abundance and the bottom soil type of the lagoon(r =0.4).